About synthetic cannabinoids

Synthetic cannabinoids are not one drug. Hundreds of different synthetic cannabinoid chemicals are manufactured and sold. New ones with unknown health risks become available each year. Synthetic cannabinoids are popular because users often believe they are legal and relatively safe.

a silhouette of a head highlighting the brain
These chemicals are called cannabinoids because they act on the same brain cell receptors as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main active ingredient in marijuana. However, the hundreds of known synthetic cannabinoid chemicals and THC are different chemicals. In fact, synthetic cannabinoids may affect the brain in different and unpredictable ways compared to marijuana.

Synthetic cannabinoids are used in a variety of ways:

Sprayed onto plant material and smoked
Mixed into a liquid and vaped in electronic nicotine delivery devices (such as e-cigarettes)
Added to herbal tea or to food and swallowed

Synthetic cannabinoids are widely available.

Consumers can buy synthetic cannabinoids in convenience stores, from individual drug dealers, or online as incense or natural herbal products.They are sold under a number of brand names, including

K2
Spice
AK-47
Mr. Happy
Scooby Snax
Kush
Kronic
Many synthetic cannabinoids are illegal.

The federal government has banned many specific synthetic cannabinoids. Many state and local governments have passed their own laws targeting other synthetic cannabinoids.
Recent federal and state laws targeting synthetic cannabinoids have banned general categories of ingredients, rather than specific chemicals.
Makers of synthetic cannabinoids try to get around these laws by creating new products with different ingredients or by labeling them “not for human consumption.”
Synthetic cannabinoid products are unsafe. It is hard to know what the products contain or what your reaction to them will be.

There are no standards for making, packaging, or selling synthetic cannabinoid chemicals. That means that two packets of a brand-named product may have completely different chemicals.
The amount of the synthetic cannabinoid chemical(s) can vary between batches or even within the same batch.
Synthetic cannabinoid products may also be contaminated with other drugs or toxic chemicals, such as synthetic cathinones (“bath salts,” “flakka”).
Synthetic cannabinoids can harm your health.
Synthetic cannabinoids can cause severe illness and death.
Synthetic cannabinoids can affect brain function. Signs and symptoms include:

Agitation and irritability
Confusion and concentration problems
Hallucinations, delusions, psychosis, suicidal thoughts, and violent behavior
Seizures
Sleepiness and dizziness
Synthetic cannabinoids can cause other health problems:

Breathing problems
Gastrointestinal problems
Heart attack, fast heart rate, high blood pressure, and stroke
Kidney failure
Muscle damage
These health problems depend on many factors, including the specific synthetic cannabinoid, the dose (how much), and the duration of use (for how long).
The long-term effects of long-term synthetic cannabinoid use are unknown.

Synthetic cannabinoids may be addictive, since some people have reported withdrawal symptoms after heavy use over a long time.

If you suddenly stop using synthetic cannabinoids, you may have the following symptoms:

Headache
Nausea and vomiting
Severe anxiety
Sweating
Trouble sleeping
You may have more severe symptoms if you use synthetic cannabinoids frequently for a long time period and suddenly stop, such as:

Breathing problems
Chest pain
Palpitations
Rapid heart rate
Seizures
Experts think that the severity of these symptoms is related to how much synthetic cannabinoid is used and for how long.

If you or anyone you know becomes sick after using synthetic cannabinoids, seek immediate medical attention. Call 911 or go to the closest emergency room.

There is no specific antidote for synthetic cannabinoids, but health care professionals can provide supportive treatments, such as oxygen, intravenous fluids, and medications to control seizures, agitation, and nausea.